4.2.5
Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability

The two suffixes in this group are not related by meaning; they simply share the same position (Type 5). Because their meanings differ significantly, verbs cannot carry both suffixes at the same time.

-lu' (Indefinite Subject)

This suffix indicates the action is performed by an unknown or nonspecific subject. Because the subject is not explicitly identified, pronominal prefixes (see section 4.1.1) have different meanings here. Prefixes that typically show first- or second-person subjects acting on a third-person singular object (vI-, Da-, wI-, bo-) now indicate the reverse: they show an indefinite subject performing the action upon a first- or second-person object. For example, vI- usually means "I do something to him/her," but with -lu', it means "someone/something does something to me." Similarly, lu-, normally "they do something to him/her," now means "someone/something does something to them."

  • Daqawlu'someone/something remembers you (qaw – remember)
  • wIleghlu'someone/something sees us (legh – see)
  • Soplu'someone/something eats it (Sop – eat)

These verb forms often correspond to the English passive voice:

  • Daqawlu'you are remembered
  • wIleghlu'we are seen
  • Soplu'it is eaten

When combined with the verb tu' ("find, observe") and no prefix (indicating third-person singular object), tu'lu' expresses existence, equivalent to English "there is":

  • naDev puqpu' tu'lu'there are children around here
    (Literally: "someone/something finds children here"; naDev – hereabouts, puqpu' – children)

In complex sentences, repeated use of -lu' refers consistently to the same indefinite subject:

  • Heghlu'DI' mobbe'lu'chugh QaQqu' Hegh wanI'
    "When someone dies, if that (same) someone is not alone, the death event is very good."

See section 3.2.2 for additional details on how -lu' interacts with the suffix -wI'.

-laH (Can, Able)

This suffix indicates that the subject is capable of performing the action described by the verb:

  • jIQonglaHI can sleep (Qong – sleep)
  • choleghlaHyou can see me (legh – see)
  • nuQaw'laHhe/she can destroy us (Qaw' – destroy)