Grammar Index
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0. Introduction - Start Here
0. Introduction - Start Here
1. The Sounds
1 The Sounds
1 The Sounds
1.1 Consonants
1.1 Consonants
1.2 Vowels
1.2 Vowels
1.3 Stress
1.3 Stress
2 Grammatical Sketch
2 Grammatical Sketch
2.1 Understanding Klingon Culture
2.1 Understanding Klingon Culture
2.2 Style Guide
2.2 Style Guide
2. Grammatical Sketch
2 Grammatical Sketch
2 Grammatical Sketch
2.1 Understanding Klingon Culture
2.1 Understanding Klingon Culture
2.2 Style Guide
2.2 Style Guide
3 Nouns
3 Nouns
3.1 Simple Nouns
3.1 Simple Nouns
3.2 Complex Nouns
3.2 Complex Nouns
3.2.1 Compound Nouns
3.2.1 Compound Nouns
3.2.2 Verb plus -wI'/-ghach
3.2.2 Verb plus -wI'/-ghach
3.2.3 Other complex nouns
3.2.3 Other complex nouns
3.3 Noun suffixes
3.3 Noun suffixes
3.3.1 Type 1: Augmentative, diminutive
3.3.1 Type 1: Augmentative, diminutive
3.3.2 Type 2: Number
3.3.2 Type 2: Number
3.3.3 Type 3: Qualification
3.3.3 Type 3: Qualification
3.3.4 Type 4: Possession/specification
3.3.4 Type 4: Possession/specification
3.3.5 Type 5: Syntactic markers
3.3.5 Type 5: Syntactic markers
3.4 The noun-noun construction
3.4 The noun-noun construction
3.5 Emphasizing Nouns
3.5 Emphasizing Nouns
3. Nouns
3 Nouns
3 Nouns
3.1 Simple Nouns
3.1 Simple Nouns
3.2 Complex Nouns
3.2 Complex Nouns
3.2.1 Compound Nouns
3.2.1 Compound Nouns
3.2.2 Verb plus -wI'/-ghach
3.2.2 Verb plus -wI'/-ghach
3.2.3 Other complex nouns
3.2.3 Other complex nouns
3.3 Noun suffixes
3.3 Noun suffixes
3.3.1 Type 1: Augmentative, diminutive
3.3.1 Type 1: Augmentative, diminutive
3.3.2 Type 2: Number
3.3.2 Type 2: Number
3.3.3 Type 3: Qualification
3.3.3 Type 3: Qualification
3.3.4 Type 4: Possession/specification
3.3.4 Type 4: Possession/specification
3.3.5 Type 5: Syntactic markers
3.3.5 Type 5: Syntactic markers
3.4 The noun-noun construction
3.4 The noun-noun construction
3.5 Emphasizing Nouns
3.5 Emphasizing Nouns
4 Verbs
4 Verbs
4.1 Pronominal prefixes
4.1 Pronominal prefixes
4.2.1 Type 1: Oneself/one another
4.2.1 Type 1: Oneself/one another
4.2.2 Type 2: Volition/predisposition
4.2.2 Type 2: Volition/predisposition
4.2.3 Type 3: Change/Resume
4.2.3 Type 3: Change/Resume
4.2.4 Type 4: Cause
4.2.4 Type 4: Cause
4.2.5 Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability
4.2.5 Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability
4.2.6 Type 6: Qualification
4.2.6 Type 6: Qualification
4.2.7 Type 7: Aspect
4.2.7 Type 7: Aspect
4.2.8 Type 8: Honorific
4.2.8 Type 8: Honorific
4.2.9 Type 9: Syntactic markers
4.2.9 Type 9: Syntactic markers
4.2.10 Relative ordering of the suffixes
4.2.10 Relative ordering of the suffixes
4.3 Rovers
4.3 Rovers
4.4 Adjectives
4.4 Adjectives
4. Verbs
4 Verbs
4 Verbs
4.1 Pronominal prefixes
4.1 Pronominal prefixes
4.2.1 Type 1: Oneself/one another
4.2.1 Type 1: Oneself/one another
4.2.2 Type 2: Volition/predisposition
4.2.2 Type 2: Volition/predisposition
4.2.3 Type 3: Change/Resume
4.2.3 Type 3: Change/Resume
4.2.4 Type 4: Cause
4.2.4 Type 4: Cause
4.2.5 Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability
4.2.5 Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability
4.2.6 Type 6: Qualification
4.2.6 Type 6: Qualification
4.2.7 Type 7: Aspect
4.2.7 Type 7: Aspect
4.2.8 Type 8: Honorific
4.2.8 Type 8: Honorific
4.2.9 Type 9: Syntactic markers
4.2.9 Type 9: Syntactic markers
4.2.10 Relative ordering of the suffixes
4.2.10 Relative ordering of the suffixes
4.3 Rovers
4.3 Rovers
4.4 Adjectives
4.4 Adjectives
5 Other Kinds of Words
5 Other Kinds of Words
5.1 Pronouns
5.1 Pronouns
5.2 Numbers
5.2 Numbers
5.2.1 Using numbers
5.2.1 Using numbers
5.2.2 Math
5.2.2 Math
5.2.4 Time
5.2.4 Time
5.3 Conjunctions
5.3 Conjunctions
5.4 Adverbials
5.4 Adverbials
5.5 Exclamations
5.5 Exclamations
5.6 Names and address
5.6 Names and address
5. Other Kinds of Words
5 Other Kinds of Words
5 Other Kinds of Words
5.1 Pronouns
5.1 Pronouns
5.2 Numbers
5.2 Numbers
5.2.1 Using numbers
5.2.1 Using numbers
5.2.2 Math
5.2.2 Math
5.2.4 Time
5.2.4 Time
5.3 Conjunctions
5.3 Conjunctions
5.4 Adverbials
5.4 Adverbials
5.5 Exclamations
5.5 Exclamations
5.6 Names and address
5.6 Names and address
6 Syntax
6 Syntax
6.1 Basic sentences
6.1 Basic sentences
6.2 Complex sentences
6.2 Complex sentences
6.2.1 Compound sentences
6.2.1 Compound sentences
6.2.2 Subordinate clauses
6.2.2 Subordinate clauses
6.2.3 Relative clauses
6.2.3 Relative clauses
6.2.4 Purpose clauses
6.2.4 Purpose clauses
6.2.5 Sentences as objects
6.2.5 Sentences as objects
6.2.5.1 Instead
6.2.5.1 Instead
6.2.5.2 Should/Ought to
6.2.5.2 Should/Ought to
6.2.6 Nominalizer
6.2.6 Nominalizer
6.3 "To be"
6.3 "To be"
6.4 Questions
6.4 Questions
6.6 Comparatives and superlatives
6.6 Comparatives and superlatives
6.7 Placement of adverbial elements
6.7 Placement of adverbial elements
6.8 Indirect objects
6.8 Indirect objects
6.9 Verbs of motion
6.9 Verbs of motion
6.10 Between
6.10 Between
6.11 With
6.11 With
6.12 Speaking and Quoting
6.12 Speaking and Quoting
6.13 Music
6.13 Music
6. Syntax
6 Syntax
6 Syntax
6.1 Basic sentences
6.1 Basic sentences
6.2 Complex sentences
6.2 Complex sentences
6.2.1 Compound sentences
6.2.1 Compound sentences
6.2.2 Subordinate clauses
6.2.2 Subordinate clauses
6.2.3 Relative clauses
6.2.3 Relative clauses
6.2.4 Purpose clauses
6.2.4 Purpose clauses
6.2.5 Sentences as objects
6.2.5 Sentences as objects
6.2.5.1 Instead
6.2.5.1 Instead
6.2.5.2 Should/Ought to
6.2.5.2 Should/Ought to
6.2.6 Nominalizer
6.2.6 Nominalizer
6.3 "To be"
6.3 "To be"
6.4 Questions
6.4 Questions
6.6 Comparatives and superlatives
6.6 Comparatives and superlatives
6.7 Placement of adverbial elements
6.7 Placement of adverbial elements
6.8 Indirect objects
6.8 Indirect objects
6.9 Verbs of motion
6.9 Verbs of motion
6.10 Between
6.10 Between
6.11 With
6.11 With
6.12 Speaking and Quoting
6.12 Speaking and Quoting
6.13 Music
6.13 Music
7 Clipped Klingon
7 Clipped Klingon
7.1 Commands
7.1 Commands
7.2 Responses, status reports
7.2 Responses, status reports
7.3 Duress, excitement
7.3 Duress, excitement
7. Clipped Klingon
7 Clipped Klingon
7 Clipped Klingon
7.1 Commands
7.1 Commands
7.2 Responses, status reports
7.2 Responses, status reports
7.3 Duress, excitement
7.3 Duress, excitement
8 Common Grammar Questions
8 Common Grammar Questions
8.1 The Cat in the Hat Problem
8.1 The Cat in the Hat Problem
8.2 The Elephant I Shot In My Pajamas Problem
8.2 The Elephant I Shot In My Pajamas Problem
8.3 Multiple Adjectives
8.3 Multiple Adjectives
8.4 I Need To Create
8.4 I Need To Create
8.5 Relative Clauses: What Possibilities?
8.5 Relative Clauses: What Possibilities?
8.6 Question as Object
8.6 Question as Object
8. Common Grammar Questions
8 Common Grammar Questions
8 Common Grammar Questions
8.1 The Cat in the Hat Problem
8.1 The Cat in the Hat Problem
8.2 The Elephant I Shot In My Pajamas Problem
8.2 The Elephant I Shot In My Pajamas Problem
8.3 Multiple Adjectives
8.3 Multiple Adjectives
8.4 I Need To Create
8.4 I Need To Create
8.5 Relative Clauses: What Possibilities?
8.5 Relative Clauses: What Possibilities?
8.6 Question as Object
8.6 Question as Object
9 HolQeD
9 HolQeD
9.1.1 Some Comments on Orthography
9.1.1 Some Comments on Orthography
9.1.2 An Interview with Marc Okrand
9.1.2 An Interview with Marc Okrand
9.2.2 Letters to the Editor (excerpt)
9.2.2 Letters to the Editor (excerpt)
9.2.4 Okrand's Notes
9.2.4 Okrand's Notes
9.3.2 DS9 Skybox Card
9.3.2 DS9 Skybox Card
9.3.3.1 Interview: Okrand on -ghach
9.3.3.1 Interview: Okrand on -ghach
9.3.3.2 chuvmey I
9.3.3.2 chuvmey I
9.3.4 Everyday Klingon I
9.3.4 Everyday Klingon I
9.4.2.1 Interview: Okrand on {-bogh} and more
9.4.2.1 Interview: Okrand on {-bogh} and more
9.4.2.2 chuvmey II
9.4.2.2 chuvmey II
9.4.3.1 Everyday Klingon II
9.4.3.1 Everyday Klingon II
9.4.3.2 Star Trek I Klingon
9.4.3.2 Star Trek I Klingon
9.4.4 More from Maltz
9.4.4 More from Maltz
9.5.1 A Note on Proverbs
9.5.1 A Note on Proverbs
9.5.2.1 More on Hoch
9.5.2.1 More on Hoch
9.5.2.2 Everyday Klingon III
9.5.2.2 Everyday Klingon III
9.5.2.3 chuvmey III
9.5.2.3 chuvmey III
9.5.3.1 The Tale of 'I'
9.5.3.1 The Tale of 'I'
9.5.3.2 Everyday Klingon IV
9.5.3.2 Everyday Klingon IV
9.6.2 Everyday Klingon V
9.6.2 Everyday Klingon V
9.7.2 Maltz Online I
9.7.2 Maltz Online I
9.7.4 Interview with Marc Okrand
9.7.4 Interview with Marc Okrand
9.8.1 Maltz Online II
9.8.1 Maltz Online II
9.8.3 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.8.3 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.8.4.1 Maltz Online III
9.8.4.1 Maltz Online III
9.8.4.2 Notes from Star Trek V
9.8.4.2 Notes from Star Trek V
9.9.3 matlh jup mu'mey
9.9.3 matlh jup mu'mey
9.9.4.1 Everyday Klingon VI
9.9.4.1 Everyday Klingon VI
9.9.4.2 More from Maltz
9.9.4.2 More from Maltz
9.10.2 A Friend of Maltz: nItlhDu' yaDDu' je
9.10.2 A Friend of Maltz: nItlhDu' yaDDu' je
9.10.4 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.10.4 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.11.2 matlh jup mu'mey
9.11.2 matlh jup mu'mey
9.11.3.2 More From Maltz
9.11.3.2 More From Maltz
9.11.4 Frasier's Klingon
9.11.4 Frasier's Klingon
9.12.2 Maltz's Reward: Part I
9.12.2 Maltz's Reward: Part I
9.12.3 Maltz's Reward: Part II
9.12.3 Maltz's Reward: Part II
9.12.4 Maltz’s Reward: Part III
9.12.4 Maltz’s Reward: Part III
9.13.1 Maltz's Reward: Part IV
9.13.1 Maltz's Reward: Part IV
9. HolQeD
9 HolQeD
9 HolQeD
9.1.1 Some Comments on Orthography
9.1.1 Some Comments on Orthography
9.1.2 An Interview with Marc Okrand
9.1.2 An Interview with Marc Okrand
9.2.2 Letters to the Editor (excerpt)
9.2.2 Letters to the Editor (excerpt)
9.2.4 Okrand's Notes
9.2.4 Okrand's Notes
9.3.2 DS9 Skybox Card
9.3.2 DS9 Skybox Card
9.3.3.1 Interview: Okrand on -ghach
9.3.3.1 Interview: Okrand on -ghach
9.3.3.2 chuvmey I
9.3.3.2 chuvmey I
9.3.4 Everyday Klingon I
9.3.4 Everyday Klingon I
9.4.2.1 Interview: Okrand on {-bogh} and more
9.4.2.1 Interview: Okrand on {-bogh} and more
9.4.2.2 chuvmey II
9.4.2.2 chuvmey II
9.4.3.1 Everyday Klingon II
9.4.3.1 Everyday Klingon II
9.4.3.2 Star Trek I Klingon
9.4.3.2 Star Trek I Klingon
9.4.4 More from Maltz
9.4.4 More from Maltz
9.5.1 A Note on Proverbs
9.5.1 A Note on Proverbs
9.5.2.1 More on Hoch
9.5.2.1 More on Hoch
9.5.2.2 Everyday Klingon III
9.5.2.2 Everyday Klingon III
9.5.2.3 chuvmey III
9.5.2.3 chuvmey III
9.5.3.1 The Tale of 'I'
9.5.3.1 The Tale of 'I'
9.5.3.2 Everyday Klingon IV
9.5.3.2 Everyday Klingon IV
9.6.2 Everyday Klingon V
9.6.2 Everyday Klingon V
9.7.2 Maltz Online I
9.7.2 Maltz Online I
9.7.4 Interview with Marc Okrand
9.7.4 Interview with Marc Okrand
9.8.1 Maltz Online II
9.8.1 Maltz Online II
9.8.3 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.8.3 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.8.4.1 Maltz Online III
9.8.4.1 Maltz Online III
9.8.4.2 Notes from Star Trek V
9.8.4.2 Notes from Star Trek V
9.9.3 matlh jup mu'mey
9.9.3 matlh jup mu'mey
9.9.4.1 Everyday Klingon VI
9.9.4.1 Everyday Klingon VI
9.9.4.2 More from Maltz
9.9.4.2 More from Maltz
9.10.2 A Friend of Maltz: nItlhDu' yaDDu' je
9.10.2 A Friend of Maltz: nItlhDu' yaDDu' je
9.10.4 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.10.4 matlh juppu' mu'mey
9.11.2 matlh jup mu'mey
9.11.2 matlh jup mu'mey
9.11.3.2 More From Maltz
9.11.3.2 More From Maltz
9.11.4 Frasier's Klingon
9.11.4 Frasier's Klingon
9.12.2 Maltz's Reward: Part I
9.12.2 Maltz's Reward: Part I
9.12.3 Maltz's Reward: Part II
9.12.3 Maltz's Reward: Part II
9.12.4 Maltz’s Reward: Part III
9.12.4 Maltz’s Reward: Part III
9.13.1 Maltz's Reward: Part IV
9.13.1 Maltz's Reward: Part IV
10 Other Canon
10 Other Canon
10.1 Expressions
10.1 Expressions
10.1.1 Sayings
10.1.1 Sayings
10.1.1.1 Replacement Proverbs
10.1.1.1 Replacement Proverbs
10.1.1.2 Secrecy Proverbs
10.1.1.2 Secrecy Proverbs
10.1.1.3 Holiday Proverbs
10.1.1.3 Holiday Proverbs
10.1.1.4 General Proverbs
10.1.1.4 General Proverbs
10.1.2 Idioms
10.1.2 Idioms
10.1.3 Toasts
10.1.3 Toasts
10.1.4 Similes
10.1.4 Similes
10.1.5 Other Expressions
10.1.5 Other Expressions
10.2 Dialogs
10.2 Dialogs
10.2.1 At the Hotel
10.2.1 At the Hotel
10.2.2 Sightseeing
10.2.2 Sightseeing
10.2.3 At the Restaurant
10.2.3 At the Restaurant
10.2.4 At the bar
10.2.4 At the bar
10.2.5 Conducting Business
10.2.5 Conducting Business
10.3 paq'batlh
10.3 paq'batlh
10.3.1 The Ground Book
10.3.1 The Ground Book
10.3.2 The Force Book
10.3.2 The Force Book
10.3.3 The Impact Book
10.3.3 The Impact Book
10.3.4 The Epilogue
10.3.4 The Epilogue
10. Other Canon
10 Other Canon
10 Other Canon
10.1 Expressions
10.1 Expressions
10.1.1 Sayings
10.1.1 Sayings
10.1.1.1 Replacement Proverbs
10.1.1.1 Replacement Proverbs
10.1.1.2 Secrecy Proverbs
10.1.1.2 Secrecy Proverbs
10.1.1.3 Holiday Proverbs
10.1.1.3 Holiday Proverbs
10.1.1.4 General Proverbs
10.1.1.4 General Proverbs
10.1.2 Idioms
10.1.2 Idioms
10.1.3 Toasts
10.1.3 Toasts
10.1.4 Similes
10.1.4 Similes
10.1.5 Other Expressions
10.1.5 Other Expressions
10.2 Dialogs
10.2 Dialogs
10.2.1 At the Hotel
10.2.1 At the Hotel
10.2.2 Sightseeing
10.2.2 Sightseeing
10.2.3 At the Restaurant
10.2.3 At the Restaurant
10.2.4 At the bar
10.2.4 At the bar
10.2.5 Conducting Business
10.2.5 Conducting Business
10.3 paq'batlh
10.3 paq'batlh
10.3.1 The Ground Book
10.3.1 The Ground Book
10.3.2 The Force Book
10.3.2 The Force Book
10.3.3 The Impact Book
10.3.3 The Impact Book
10.3.4 The Epilogue
10.3.4 The Epilogue
11 Examples
11 Examples
11.1 Personal
11.1 Personal
11.1.1 Salutations and Introductions
11.1.1 Salutations and Introductions
11.1.2 Getting to Know Someone
11.1.2 Getting to Know Someone
11.1.3 Dialogs
11.1.3 Dialogs
11.2 Numbers, days, and dates
11.2 Numbers, days, and dates
11.2.1 Numbers
11.2.1 Numbers
11.2.2 Datesd
11.2.2 Datesd
11.2.3 Time
11.2.3 Time
11.2.4 Dialogs
11.2.4 Dialogs
11. Examples
11 Examples
11 Examples
11.1 Personal
11.1 Personal
11.1.1 Salutations and Introductions
11.1.1 Salutations and Introductions
11.1.2 Getting to Know Someone
11.1.2 Getting to Know Someone
11.1.3 Dialogs
11.1.3 Dialogs
11.2 Numbers, days, and dates
11.2 Numbers, days, and dates
11.2.1 Numbers
11.2.1 Numbers
11.2.2 Datesd
11.2.2 Datesd
11.2.3 Time
11.2.3 Time
11.2.4 Dialogs
11.2.4 Dialogs
14 Linguistic Terminology Glossary
14 Linguistic Terminology Glossary
14.1 Phonology: the study of speech sounds
14.1 Phonology: the study of speech sounds
14.1.1 Fundamental concepts
14.1.1 Fundamental concepts
14.1.2 Sound categories
14.1.2 Sound categories
14.1.3 Suprasegmentals
14.1.3 Suprasegmentals
14.1.4 How to make speech sounds
14.1.4 How to make speech sounds
14. Linguistic Terminology Glossary
14 Linguistic Terminology Glossary
14 Linguistic Terminology Glossary
14.1 Phonology: the study of speech sounds
14.1 Phonology: the study of speech sounds
14.1.1 Fundamental concepts
14.1.1 Fundamental concepts
14.1.2 Sound categories
14.1.2 Sound categories
14.1.3 Suprasegmentals
14.1.3 Suprasegmentals
14.1.4 How to make speech sounds
14.1.4 How to make speech sounds
TODO: Do we need this? Can we talk about this kind of stuff in the text directly?
The Empire is built on a fierce tradition of honor, strength, and directness. To thrive among Klingons, Terran visitors must adapt quickly, showing respect for their deeply rooted ideals and rituals. Here is a guide to navigating Klingon culture.
The Four Pillars of Klingon Behavior
- Accuracy: Precise actions and words are signs of respect. Exaggeration or vague statements are viewed with suspicion.
- Straightforwardness: Speak directly about your intentions. Avoid small talk, greetings, or pleasantries that may be seen as deceptive.
- Aggressiveness: Assertiveness is admired. Whether in business or conversation, taking the initiative is respected.
- Strength: Klingons admire physical, mental, and emotional strength. Weakness is despised.
Business and Social Interactions
- Business as Ritual Battle: Every transaction is a form of combat. Bargaining is rare and seen as disrespectful.
- Suspicion of Foreigners: Klingons assume outsiders might be dishonorable until proven otherwise.
- Sealing Deals with Toasts: A successful business deal is typically celebrated with ritual toasts using approved expressions. Errors can cause deep offense.
- Curse Warfare: Insult contests test wit and toughness. Winning brings great respect; losing diminishes standing.
- Use of Formal Address: Recognizing and respecting military or social ranks is critical to avoiding offense.
Ceremonies and Important Rituals
- Empire Union Day: Honors Kahless and the founding of the Empire. Celebrated with public festivities and speeches.
- QI'lop: Military holiday involving feasting, ritual gift exchanges, and honoring warriors.
- Rite of Ascension (nentay): Coming-of-age ceremony featuring endurance trials (painsticks) to test courage and spirit.
- Replacement Proverbs: Used to recover honor after public embarrassment. Failing to recover can ruin one’s social standing.
- Secrecy Proverbs: Used to demonstrate trustworthiness in delicate or clandestine dealings.
Courtship and Mating Behavior
- Direct Courtship: Interest is expressed with body language (growls, purrs, warrior stances). No small talk or indirect approaches.
- Rejections Must Be Ritualized: Declining a suitor must be done carefully using specific gestures or phrases to avoid violence.
- Swift Mating: Klingon mating rituals are intense and physically demanding, echoing their wartime origins.
Language and Communication Style
- Clipped Speech: In urgent or combat situations, Klingons omit unnecessary words for faster communication. Using clipped speech casually signals military experience.
- Standard Dialect Loyalty: Using the Emperor’s dialect shows respect for authority and the current government.
- Humor: Klingon humor is dark, often focusing on survival, pain, or death. Laughing at a Klingon joke shows solidarity and toughness.
Handling Pets and Animals
Owning a Klingon pet (such as a targ or Qogh) requires firm control. Issuing strong, clipped commands shows your strength. Losing control of a pet in public severely damages your honor and reputation.
Essential Survival Tips
- Project confidence and physical strength at all times.
- Use ritual phrases and toasts correctly and with force.
- Recover quickly from public mistakes using Replacement Proverbs.
- Show absolute respect for hierarchy and traditions.
- Never show fear, uncertainty, or excessive friendliness.
- Participate when appropriate in toasts, curse contests, and ceremonies.
"If you want to prosper, remember to honor honor." — Klingon Proverb