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Grammar

0. Introduction - Start Here

1. The Sounds

1.1. Consonants

1.2. Vowels

1.3. Stress

2. Grammatical Sketch

2.1. Understanding Klingon Culture

2.2. Style Guide

3. Nouns

3.1. Simple Nouns

3.2. Complex Nouns

3.2.1. Compound Nouns

3.2.2. Verb plus -wI'/-ghach

3.2.3. Other complex nouns

3.3. Noun suffixes

3.3.1. Type 1: Augmentative, diminutive

3.3.2. Type 2: Number

3.3.3. Type 3: Qualification

3.3.4. Type 4: Possession/specification

3.3.5. Type 5: Syntactic markers

3.4. The noun-noun construction

3.5. Emphasizing Nouns

4. Verbs

4.1. Pronominal prefixes

4.2.1. Type 1: Oneself/one another

4.2.2. Type 2: Volition/predisposition

4.2.3. Type 3: Change/Resume

4.2.4. Type 4: Cause

4.2.5. Type 5: Indefinite subject/ability

4.2.6. Type 6: Qualification

4.2.7. Type 7: Aspect

4.2.8. Type 8: Honorific

4.2.9. Type 9: Syntactic markers

4.2.10. Relative ordering of the suffixes

4.3. Rovers

4.4. Adjectives

5. Other Kinds of Words

5.1. Pronouns

5.2. Numbers

5.2.1. Using numbers

5.2.2. Math

5.2.4. Time

5.3. Conjunctions

5.4. Adverbials

5.5. Exclamations

5.6. Names and address

6. Syntax

6.1. Basic sentences

6.2. Complex sentences

6.2.1. Compound sentences

6.2.2. Subordinate clauses

6.2.3. Relative clauses

6.2.4. Purpose clauses

6.2.5. Sentences as objects

6.2.5.1. Instead

6.2.5.2. Should/Ought to

6.2.6. Nominalizer

6.3. "To be"

6.4. Questions

6.6. Comparatives and superlatives

6.7. Placement of adverbial elements

6.8. Indirect objects

6.9. Verbs of motion

6.10. Between

6.11. With

6.12. Speaking and Quoting

6.13. Music

7. Clipped Klingon

7.1. Commands

7.2. Responses, status reports

7.3. Duress, excitement

8. Common Questions

8.1. The Cat in the Hat Problem

8.2. The Elephant I Shot In My Pajamas Problem

8.3. Multiple Adjectives

8.4. I Need To Create

8.5. Relative Clauses: What Possibilities?

8.6. Question as Object

8.7. Colors

9. HolQeD

9.1.1. Some Comments on Orthography

9.1.2. An Interview with Marc Okrand

9.2.2. Letters to the Editor (excerpt)

9.2.4. Okrand's Notes

9.3.2. DS9 Skybox Card

9.3.3.1. Interview: Okrand on -ghach

9.3.3.2. chuvmey I

9.3.4. Everyday Klingon I

9.4.2.1. Interview: Okrand on {-bogh} and more

9.4.2.2. chuvmey II

9.4.3.1. Everyday Klingon II

9.4.3.2. Star Trek I Klingon

9.4.4. More from Maltz

9.5.1. A Note on Proverbs

9.5.2.1. More on Hoch

9.5.2.2. Everyday Klingon III

9.5.2.3. chuvmey III

9.5.3.1. The Tale of 'I'

9.5.3.2. Everyday Klingon IV

9.6.2. Everyday Klingon V

9.7.2. Maltz Online I

9.7.4. Interview with Marc Okrand

9.8.1. Maltz Online II

9.8.3. matlh juppu' mu'mey

9.8.4.1. Maltz Online III

9.8.4.2. Notes from Star Trek V

9.9.3. matlh jup mu'mey

9.9.4.1. Everyday Klingon VI

9.9.4.2. More from Maltz

9.10.2. A Friend of Maltz: nItlhDu' yaDDu' je

9.10.4. matlh juppu' mu'mey

9.11.2. matlh jup mu'mey

9.11.3.2. More From Maltz

9.11.4. Frasier's Klingon

9.12.2. Maltz's Reward: Part I

9.12.3. Maltz's Reward: Part II

9.12.4. Maltz’s Reward: Part III

9.13.1. Maltz's Reward: Part IV

10. Other Canon

10.1. Expressions

10.1.1. Sayings

10.1.1.1. Replacement Proverbs

10.1.1.2. Secrecy Proverbs

10.1.1.3. Holiday Proverbs

10.1.1.4. General Proverbs

10.1.2. Idioms

10.1.3. Toasts

10.1.4. Similes

10.1.5. Other Expressions

10.2. Dialogs

10.2.1. At the Hotel

10.2.2. Sightseeing

10.2.3. At the Restaurant

10.2.4. At the bar

10.2.5. Conducting Business

10.3. paq'batlh

10.3.1. The Ground Book

10.3.2. The Force Book

10.3.3. The Impact Book

10.3.4. The Epilogue

10.4.4. poH jan

10.5.1. Okrand's message to cha'na

10.6. MSN

10.6.1.1. 1996-08-06a

10.6.1.2. 1996-08-06b

10.6.1.3. 1996-08-06c

10.6.2. 1996-11-06

10.6.3.1. 1996-11-10a

10.6.3.2. 1996-11-10b

10.6.4.1. 1996-12-12a

10.6.4.2. 1996-12-12b

11. Examples

11.1. Personal

11.1.1. Salutations and Introductions

11.1.2. Getting to Know Someone

11.1.3. Dialogs

11.2. Numbers, days, and dates

11.2.1. Numbers

11.2.2. Datesd

11.2.3. Time

11.2.4. Dialogs

14. Linguistic Terminology Glossary

14.1. Phonology: the study of speech sounds

14.1.1. Fundamental concepts

14.1.2. Sound categories

14.1.3. Suprasegmentals

14.1.4. How to make speech sounds

14.2. Morphology: the study of word formation

14.3. Grammar: the set of rules by which languages are structured

14.4. Syntax: the study on how words are combined to form sentences

14.5. Semantics: the study of meaning

14.6. Language varieties

14.7. Video Links

Reference

Noun Suffix Table

Verb Prefix Tables

Verb Suffix Table

Recently Added Words